Long COVID: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Abstract

Long COVID, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), has emerged as a significant public health concern globally. It encompasses a broad spectrum of symptoms that persist long after the acute phase of COVID-19 has resolved. Despite extensive research on the acute infection, the long-term effects and underlying mechanisms of Long COVID remain poorly understood. This article discusses the pathophysiology of Long COVID, including immune dysregulation, viral persistence, and the role of autonomic dysfunction. It also highlights current diagnostic approaches, including clinical assessments, imaging, and biomarker testing. The article concludes with an overview of management strategies, focusing on symptom-based treatment, rehabilitation, and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to patient care.